Mark Wesley Dewhirst

Gustavo S. Montana Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Radiation Oncology

Mark W. Dewhirst, DVM, PhD is the Gustavo S. Montana Professor of Radiation Oncology and Vice Director for Basic Science in the Duke Cancer Institute. Dr. Dewhirst has research interests in tumor hypoxia, angiogenesis, hyperthermia and drug transport. He has spent 30 years studying causes of tumor hypoxia and the use of hyperthermia to treat cancer. In collaboration with Professor David Needham in the Pratt School of Engineering, he has developed a novel thermally sensitive drug carrying liposome that has been successfully translated to human clinical trials. He has utilized the thermal characteristics of this liposome to develop an MR imageable form that can accurately reflect drug concentrations in tumors, which then is related to the extent of anti-tumor effect in pre-clinical models. This property has been widely used by other investigators, world-wide, particularly in the area of high intensity focused ultrasound, where it would be possible to literally paint drug to a target zone and visualize this process in real time, during heating. For his work in this area, Dr. Dewhirst was named a Fellow in the AAAS. Dr. Dewhirst has well over 500 peer-reviewed publications, book chapters and reviews, with >20,000 citations and an H-index of 73. He has given named lectures at the University of Western Ontario, Thomas Jefferson University and the New Zealand Cancer Society. He was awarded the Failla Medal and Lecture at the Radiation Research Society in 2008, the Eugene Robinson award for excellence hyperthermia research in 1992 and a similar award from the European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology in 2009. He was named a fellow of ASTRO in 2009 and was awarded the prestigious Gold Medal from the same society in 2012. He is a Senior Editor of Cancer Research and Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Hyperthermia. He has mentored 24 graduate students, and many postdoctoral fellows, residents, junior faculty and medical students. He has been particularly skillful in assisting those he has mentored to obtain DOD and NIH fellowships, K awards and first R01 grants. His skill in mentoring has been recognized by the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Medical Physics Graduate Training programs and the School of Medicine, where he has received “Mentor of the Year” awards. In 2011 he was selected to become the first Associate Dean of Faculty Mentoring in the Duke School of Medicine. In this position, he is implementing a comprehensive program to enhance success in obtaining NIH funding. He graduated from the University of Arizona in 1971 with a degree in Chemistry and Colorado State University in 1975 and 1979 with DVM and PhD degrees, respectively.

Appointments and Affiliations

  • Gustavo S. Montana Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Radiation Oncology
  • Professor Emeritus of Radiation Oncology
  • Associate Dean for Faculty Mentoring

Contact Information

  • Office Location: 201 Med Sci Res Bldg, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710
  • Email Address: mark.dewhirst@duke.edu

Education

  • Ph.D. Colorado State University, 1979

Awards, Honors, and Distinctions

  • AAAS Fellows. American Association for the Advancement of Science, The. 2010

Courses Taught

  • MEDPHY 763: Advanced Radiation Biology in Medical Physics
  • MEDPHY 507: Radiation Biology

In the News

Representative Publications

  • Zhong, Jim, Narasimhan Rajaram, David M. Brizel, Amy E. Frees, Nirmala Ramanujam, Ines Batinic-Haberle, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Radiation induces aerobic glycolysis through reactive oxygen species.” Radiother Oncol 106, no. 3 (March 2013): 390–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2013.02.013.
  • Hanna, Gabi, Andrew Fontanella, Gregory Palmer, Siqing Shan, Daniel R. Radiloff, Yulin Zhao, David Irwin, et al. “Automated measurement of blood flow velocity and direction and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the rat lung using intravital microscopy.” Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): L86–91. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00178.2012.
  • Palmer, Gregory M., Richard J. Boruta, Benjamin L. Viglianti, Lan Lan, Ivan Spasojevic, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Non-invasive monitoring of intra-tumor drug concentration and therapeutic response using optical spectroscopy.” J Control Release 142, no. 3 (March 19, 2010): 457–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.034.
  • Jones, Lee W., Benjamin L. Viglianti, Jessica A. Tashjian, Sejal M. Kothadia, Stephen T. Keir, Stephen J. Freedland, Michael Q. Potter, et al. “Effect of aerobic exercise on tumor physiology in an animal model of human breast cancer.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 108, no. 2 (February 2010): 343–48. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00424.2009.
  • Kennedy, Kelly M., and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Tumor metabolism of lactate: the influence and therapeutic potential for MCT and CD147 regulation.” Future Oncol 6, no. 1 (January 2010): 127–48. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon.09.145.
  • Dewhirst, Mark W. “Relationships between cycling hypoxia, HIF-1, angiogenesis and oxidative stress.” Radiat Res 172, no. 6 (December 2009): 653–65. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1926.1.
  • Craciunescu, Oana I., Paul R. Stauffer, Brian J. Soher, Cory R. Wyatt, Omar Arabe, Paolo Maccarini, Shiva K. Das, et al. “Accuracy of real time noninvasive temperature measurements using magnetic resonance thermal imaging in patients treated for high grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas.” Med Phys 36, no. 11 (November 2009): 4848–58. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3227506.
  • Zhang, Guoqing, Gregory M. Palmer, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “A dual-emissive-materials design concept enables tumour hypoxia imaging.” Nat Mater 8, no. 9 (September 2009): 747–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2509.
  • Viglianti, Benjamin L., Michael Lora-Michiels, Jeanie M. Poulson, Lan Lan, Daohai Yu, Linda Sanders, Oana Craciunescu, et al. “Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of clinical outcome in canine spontaneous soft tissue sarcomas treated with thermoradiotherapy.” Clin Cancer Res 15, no. 15 (August 1, 2009): 4993–5001. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2222.
  • Pries, Axel R., Annemiek J. M. Cornelissen, Anoek A. Sloot, Marlene Hinkeldey, Matthew R. Dreher, Michael Höpfner, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Timothy W. Secomb. “Structural adaptation and heterogeneity of normal and tumor microvascular networks.” PLoS Comput Biol 5, no. 5 (May 2009): e1000394. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000394.
  • Hardee, Matthew E., Mark W. Dewhirst, Nikita Agarwal, and Brian S. Sorg. “Novel imaging provides new insights into mechanisms of oxygen transport in tumors.” Curr Mol Med 9, no. 4 (May 2009): 435–41. https://doi.org/10.2174/156652409788167122.
  • Skala, Melissa C., Andrew Fontanella, Hansford Hendargo, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Joseph A. Izatt. “Combined hyperspectral and spectral domain optical coherence tomography microscope for noninvasive hemodynamic imaging.” Opt Lett 34, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 289–91. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.000289.
  • Craciunescu, Oana I., Kimberly L. Blackwell, Ellen L. Jones, James R. Macfall, Daohai Yu, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Terence Z. Wong, et al. “DCE-MRI parameters have potential to predict response of locally advanced breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and hyperthermia: a pilot study.” Int J Hyperthermia 25, no. 6 (2009): 405–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656730903022700.
  • Palmer, Gregory M., Ronald J. Viola, Thies Schroeder, Pavel S. Yarmolenko, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Quantitative diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy: tool to monitor tumor physiology in vivo.” J Biomed Opt 14, no. 2 (2009): 024010. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3103586.
  • Vishwanath, Karthik, Daniel Klein, Kevin Chang, Thies Schroeder, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Nimmi Ramanujam. “Quantitative optical spectroscopy can identify long-term local tumor control in irradiated murine head and neck xenografts.” J Biomed Opt 14, no. 5 (2009): 054051. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3251013.
  • Sonveaux, Pierre, Frédérique Végran, Thies Schroeder, Melanie C. Wergin, Julien Verrax, Zahid N. Rabbani, Christophe J. De Saedeleer, et al. “Targeting lactate-fueled respiration selectively kills hypoxic tumor cells in mice.” J Clin Invest 118, no. 12 (December 2008): 3930–42. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI36843.
  • Viola, Ronald J., James M. Provenzale, Fang Li, Chuan-Yuan Li, Hong Yuan, Jessica Tashjian, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “In vivo bioluminescence imaging monitoring of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha, a promoter that protects cells, in response to chemotherapy.” AJR Am J Roentgenol 191, no. 6 (December 2008): 1779–84. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.4060.
  • Cárdenas-Navia, Laura I., Daniel Mace, Rachel A. Richardson, David F. Wilson, Siqing Shan, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “The pervasive presence of fluctuating oxygenation in tumors.” Cancer Res 68, no. 14 (July 15, 2008): 5812–19. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6387.
  • Dewhirst, Mark W., Yiting Cao, and Benjamin Moeller. “Cycling hypoxia and free radicals regulate angiogenesis and radiotherapy response.” Nat Rev Cancer 8, no. 6 (June 2008): 425–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2397.
  • Manzoor, Ashley A., Thies Schroeder, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “One-stop-shop tumor imaging: buy hypoxia, get lactate free.” J Clin Invest 118, no. 5 (May 2008): 1616–19. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI35543.
  • Sorg, Brian S., Matthew E. Hardee, Nikita Agarwal, Benjamin J. Moeller, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Spectral imaging facilitates visualization and measurements of unstable and abnormal microvascular oxygen transport in tumors.” J Biomed Opt 13, no. 1 (2008): 014026. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2837439.
  • Vlahovic, G., A. M. Ponce, Z. Rabbani, F. K. Salahuddin, L. Zgonjanin, I. Spasojevic, Z. Vujaskovic, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Treatment with imatinib improves drug delivery and efficacy in NSCLC xenografts.” Br J Cancer 97, no. 6 (September 17, 2007): 735–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603941.
  • Hardee, Matthew E., Yiting Cao, Ping Fu, Xiaohong Jiang, Yulin Zhao, Zahid N. Rabbani, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Murat O. Arcasoy. “Erythropoietin blockade inhibits the induction of tumor angiogenesis and progression.” PLoS One 2, no. 6 (June 20, 2007): e549. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000549.
  • Dreher, Matthew R., Wenge Liu, Charles R. Michelich, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Ashutosh Chilkoti. “Thermal cycling enhances the accumulation of a temperature-sensitive biopolymer in solid tumors.” Cancer Res 67, no. 9 (May 1, 2007): 4418–24. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4444.
  • Cao, Yiting, Pierre Sonveaux, Shanling Liu, Yulin Zhao, Jing Mi, Bryan M. Clary, Chuan-Yuan Li, Christopher D. Kontos, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Systemic overexpression of angiopoietin-2 promotes tumor microvessel regression and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth.” Cancer Res 67, no. 8 (April 15, 2007): 3835–44. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4056.
  • Li, Fang, Pierre Sonveaux, Zahid N. Rabbani, Shanling Liu, Bin Yan, Qian Huang, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Chuan-Yuan Li. “Regulation of HIF-1alpha stability through S-nitrosylation.” Mol Cell 26, no. 1 (April 13, 2007): 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2007.02.024.
  • Dewhirst, Mark W. “Intermittent hypoxia furthers the rationale for hypoxia-inducible factor-1 targeting.” Cancer Res 67, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 854–55. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4744.
  • Dewhirst, Mark W., Isabel Cardenas Navia, David M. Brizel, Christopher Willett, and Timothy W. Secomb. “Multiple etiologies of tumor hypoxia require multifaceted solutions.” Clin Cancer Res 13, no. 2 Pt 1 (January 15, 2007): 375–77. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2629.
  • Ponce, Ana M., Benjamin L. Viglianti, Daohai Yu, Pavel S. Yarmolenko, Charles R. Michelich, Janet Woo, Marcel B. Bally, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Magnetic resonance imaging of temperature-sensitive liposome release: drug dose painting and antitumor effects.” J Natl Cancer Inst 99, no. 1 (January 3, 2007): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djk005.
  • Lora-Michiels, Michaël, Daohai Yu, Linda Sanders, Jean M. Poulson, Chieko Azuma, Beth Case, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Donald E. Thrall, H Cecil Charles, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Extracellular pH and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopic variables are related to outcome in canine soft tissue sarcomas treated with thermoradiotherapy.” Clin Cancer Res 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2006): 5733–40. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2669.
  • Hicks, Kevin O., Frederik B. Pruijn, Timothy W. Secomb, Michael P. Hay, Richard Hsu, J Martin Brown, William A. Denny, Mark W. Dewhirst, and William R. Wilson. “Use of three-dimensional tissue cultures to model extravascular transport and predict in vivo activity of hypoxia-targeted anticancer drugs.” J Natl Cancer Inst 98, no. 16 (August 16, 2006): 1118–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djj306.
  • Thrall, D. E., S. M. Larue, A. F. Pruitt, B. Case, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Changes in tumour oxygenation during fractionated hyperthermia and radiation therapy in spontaneous canine sarcomas.” Int J Hyperthermia 22, no. 5 (August 2006): 365–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656730600836386.
  • Hauck, Marlene L., Susan M. LaRue, William P. Petros, Jean M. Poulson, Daohai Yu, Ivan Spasojevic, Amy F. Pruitt, et al. “Phase I trial of doxorubicin-containing low temperature sensitive liposomes in spontaneous canine tumors.” Clin Cancer Res 12, no. 13 (July 1, 2006): 4004–10. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0226.
  • Yuan, Hong, Thies Schroeder, James E. Bowsher, Laurence W. Hedlund, Terence Wong, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Intertumoral differences in hypoxia selectivity of the PET imaging agent 64Cu(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone).” J Nucl Med 47, no. 6 (June 2006): 989–98.
  • Dreher, Matthew R., Wenge Liu, Charles R. Michelich, Mark W. Dewhirst, Fan Yuan, and Ashutosh Chilkoti. “Tumor vascular permeability, accumulation, and penetration of macromolecular drug carriers.” J Natl Cancer Inst 98, no. 5 (March 1, 2006): 335–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djj070.
  • Lanzen, Jennifer, Rod D. Braun, Bruce Klitzman, David Brizel, Timothy W. Secomb, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Direct demonstration of instabilities in oxygen concentrations within the extravascular compartment of an experimental tumor.” Cancer Res 66, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 2219–23. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2958.
  • Dressman, Holly K., Christopher Hans, Andrea Bild, John A. Olson, Eric Rosen, P Kelly Marcom, Vlayka B. Liotcheva, et al. “Gene expression profiles of multiple breast cancer phenotypes and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.” Clin Cancer Res 12, no. 3 Pt 1 (February 1, 2006): 819–26. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1447.
  • Das, Shiva K., James Macfall, Robert McCauley, Oana Craciunescu, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Thaddeus V. Samulski. “Improved magnetic resonance thermal imaging by combining proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) data.” Int J Hyperthermia 21, no. 7 (November 2005): 657–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656730500186346.
  • Moeller, Benjamin J., Matthew R. Dreher, Zahid N. Rabbani, Thies Schroeder, Yiting Cao, Chuan Y. Li, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Pleiotropic effects of HIF-1 blockade on tumor radiosensitivity.” Cancer Cell 8, no. 2 (August 2005): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.06.016.
  • Thrall, Donald E., Susan M. LaRue, Daohai Yu, Thaddeus Samulski, Linda Sanders, Beth Case, Gary Rosner, et al. “Thermal dose is related to duration of local control in canine sarcomas treated with thermoradiotherapy.” Clin Cancer Res 11, no. 14 (July 15, 2005): 5206–14. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0091.
  • Cao, Yiting, Chuan-Yuan Li, Benjamin J. Moeller, Daohai Yu, Yulin Zhao, Matthew R. Dreher, Siqing Shan, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Observation of incipient tumor angiogenesis that is independent of hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor-1 activation.” Cancer Res 65, no. 13 (July 1, 2005): 5498–5505. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4553.
  • Jones, Ellen L., James R. Oleson, Leonard R. Prosnitz, Thaddeus V. Samulski, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Daohai Yu, Linda L. Sanders, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Randomized trial of hyperthermia and radiation for superficial tumors.” J Clin Oncol 23, no. 13 (May 1, 2005): 3079–85. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.05.520.
  • Dewhirst, Mark W., Jean M. Poulson, Daohai Yu, Linda Sanders, Michaël Lora-Michiels, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Ellen L. Jones, et al. “Relation between pO2, 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy parameters and treatment outcome in patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcomas treated with thermoradiotherapy.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 480–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.06.211.
  • Sorg, Brian S., Benjamin J. Moeller, Owen Donovan, Yiting Cao, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Hyperspectral imaging of hemoglobin saturation in tumor microvasculature and tumor hypoxia development.” J Biomed Opt 10, no. 4 (2005): 44004. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2003369.
  • Lockhart, A Craig, Rod D. Braun, Daohai Yu, Joel R. Ross, Mark W. Dewhirst, Jeffrey S. Humphrey, Seth Thompson, et al. “Reduction of wound angiogenesis in patients treated with BMS-275291, a broad spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.” Clin Cancer Res 9, no. 2 (February 2003): 586–93.
  • Dewhirst, Mark W. “Mechanisms underlying hypoxia development in tumors.” Adv Exp Med Biol 510 (2003): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0205-0_9.
  • Richardson, Rachel A., and Mark W. Dewhirst. “The effect of nicotinamide & hyperoxic gases on blood glucose.” Adv Exp Med Biol 510 (2003): 375–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0205-0_62.
  • Zeman, Elaine M., Joseph R. Dynlacht, Barry S. Rosenstein, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Mark W. ASTRO Joint Working Group on Radiobiology Teaching. “Toward a national consensus: teaching radiobiology to radiation oncology residents.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54, no. 3 (November 1, 2002): 861–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(02)02968-1.
  • Vujaskovic, Zeljko, Ines Batinic-Haberle, Zahid N. Rabbani, Qin-fu Feng, Song K. Kang, Ivan Spasojevic, Thaddeus V. Samulski, Irwin Fridovich, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Mitchell S. Anscher. “A small molecular weight catalytic metalloporphyrin antioxidant with superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic properties protects lungs from radiation-induced injury.” Free Radic Biol Med 33, no. 6 (September 15, 2002): 857–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00980-2.
  • Wong, Christopher W., Chun Song, Maggie M. Grimes, Weili Fu, Mark W. Dewhirst, Ruth J. Muschel, and Abu-Bakr Al-Mehdi. “Intravascular location of breast cancer cells after spontaneous metastasis to the lung.” Am J Pathol 161, no. 3 (September 2002): 749–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64233-2.
  • Dynlacht, Joseph R., Mark W. Dewhirst, Eric J. Hall, Barry S. Rosenstein, and Elaine M. Zeman. “Toward a consensus on radiobiology teaching to radiation oncology residents.” Radiat Res 157, no. 5 (May 2002): 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2002)157[0599:tacort]2.0.co;2.
  • Kavanagh, Brian D., Timothy W. Secomb, Richard Hsu, Peck Sun Lin, Jurgen Venitz, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “A theoretical model for the effects of reduced hemoglobin-oxygen affinity on tumor oxygenation.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53, no. 1 (May 1, 2002): 172–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(02)02740-2.
  • Hale, Laura P., Rod D. Braun, William M. Gwinn, Paula K. Greer, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Hypoxia in the thymus: role of oxygen tension in thymocyte survival.” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282, no. 4 (April 2002): H1467–77. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00682.2001.
  • Haroon, Zishan A., Khalid Amin, Wilfred Saito, William Wilson, Charles S. Greenberg, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “SU5416 delays wound healing through inhibition of TGF-beta 1 activation.” Cancer Biol Ther 1, no. 2 (2002): 121–26. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.55.
  • Needham, D., and M. W. Dewhirst. “The development and testing of a new temperature-sensitive drug delivery system for the treatment of solid tumors.” Adv Drug Deliv Rev 53, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 285–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00233-2.
  • Pogue, B. W., R. D. Braun, J. L. Lanzen, C. Erickson, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Analysis of the heterogeneity of pO2 dynamics during photodynamic therapy with verteporfin.” Photochem Photobiol 74, no. 5 (November 2001): 700–706. https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0742.0.co;2.
  • Ettinger, S. N., C. C. Poellmann, N. A. Wisniewski, A. A. Gaskin, J. S. Shoemaker, J. M. Poulson, M. W. Dewhirst, and B. Klitzman. “Urea as a recovery marker for quantitative assessment of tumor interstitial solutes with microdialysis.” Cancer Res 61, no. 21 (November 1, 2001): 7964–70.
  • Lohr, F., Q. Huang, K. Hu, M. W. Dewhirst, and C. Y. Li. “Systemic vector leakage and transgene expression by intratumorally injected recombinant adenovirus vectors.” Clin Cancer Res 7, no. 11 (November 2001): 3625–28.
  • Walenta, S., S. Snyder, Z. A. Haroon, R. D. Braun, K. Amin, D. Brizel, W. Mueller-Klieser, B. Chance, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Tissue gradients of energy metabolites mirror oxygen tension gradients in a rat mammary carcinoma model.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51, no. 3 (November 1, 2001): 840–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01700-x.
  • Snyder, S. A., J. L. Lanzen, R. D. Braun, G. Rosner, T. W. Secomb, J. Biaglow, D. M. Brizel, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Simultaneous administration of glucose and hyperoxic gas achieves greater improvement in tumor oxygenation than hyperoxic gas alone.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51, no. 2 (October 1, 2001): 494–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01654-6.
  • Brizel, D. M., T. Schroeder, R. L. Scher, S. Walenta, R. W. Clough, M. W. Dewhirst, and W. Mueller-Klieser. “Elevated tumor lactate concentrations predict for an increased risk of metastases in head-and-neck cancer.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51, no. 2 (October 1, 2001): 349–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01630-3.
  • Lal, A., H. Peters, B. St Croix, Z. A. Haroon, M. W. Dewhirst, R. L. Strausberg, J. H. Kaanders, A. J. van der Kogel, and G. J. Riggins. “Transcriptional response to hypoxia in human tumors.” J Natl Cancer Inst 93, no. 17 (September 5, 2001): 1337–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/93.17.1337.
  • Tozer, G. M., V. E. Prise, J. Wilson, M. Cemazar, S. Shan, M. W. Dewhirst, P. R. Barber, B. Vojnovic, and D. J. Chaplin. “Mechanisms associated with tumor vascular shut-down induced by combretastatin A-4 phosphate: intravital microscopy and measurement of vascular permeability.” Cancer Res 61, no. 17 (September 1, 2001): 6413–22.
  • Shan, S., A. C. Lockhart, W. Y. Saito, A. M. Knapp, K. R. Laderoute, and M. W. Dewhirst. “The novel tubulin-binding drug BTO-956 inhibits R3230AC mammary carcinoma growth and angiogenesis in Fischer 344 rats.” Clin Cancer Res 7, no. 8 (August 2001): 2590–96.
  • Vujaskovic, Z., M. S. Anscher, Q. F. Feng, Z. N. Rabbani, K. Amin, T. S. Samulski, M. W. Dewhirst, and Z. A. Haroon. “Radiation-induced hypoxia may perpetuate late normal tissue injury.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50, no. 4 (July 15, 2001): 851–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01593-0.
  • Meyer, D. E., B. C. Shin, G. A. Kong, M. W. Dewhirst, and A. Chilkoti. “Drug targeting using thermally responsive polymers and local hyperthermia.” J Control Release 74, no. 1–3 (July 6, 2001): 213–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00319-4.
  • Braun, R. D., J. L. Lanzen, S. A. Snyder, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Comparison of tumor and normal tissue oxygen tension measurements using OxyLite or microelectrodes in rodents.” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280, no. 6 (June 2001): H2533–44. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.6.H2533.
  • Braun, R. D., J. L. Lanzen, J. A. Turnage, G. Rosner, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Effects of the interaction between carbogen and nicotinamide on R3230 Ac tumor blood flow in Fischer 344 rats.” Radiat Res 155, no. 5 (May 2001): 724–33. https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0724:eotibc]2.0.co;2.
  • Neeman, M., H. Dafni, O. Bukhari, R. D. Braun, and M. W. Dewhirst. “In vivo BOLD contrast MRI mapping of subcutaneous vascular function and maturation: validation by intravital microscopy.” Magn Reson Med 45, no. 5 (May 2001): 887–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1118.
  • Lohr, F., D. Y. Lo, D. A. Zaharoff, K. Hu, X. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Zhao, M. W. Dewhirst, F. Yuan, and C. Y. Li. “Effective tumor therapy with plasmid-encoded cytokines combined with in vivo electroporation.” Cancer Res 61, no. 8 (April 15, 2001): 3281–84.
  • Kong, G., R. D. Braun, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Characterization of the effect of hyperthermia on nanoparticle extravasation from tumor vasculature.” Cancer Res 61, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 3027–32.
  • Connor, C. E., J. D. Norris, G. Broadwater, T. M. Willson, M. M. Gottardis, M. W. Dewhirst, and D. P. McDonnell. “Circumventing tamoxifen resistance in breast cancers using antiestrogens that induce unique conformational changes in the estrogen receptor.” Cancer Res 61, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 2917–22.
  • Meyer, D. E., G. A. Kong, M. W. Dewhirst, M. R. Zalutsky, and A. Chilkoti. “Targeting a genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptide to solid tumors by local hyperthermia.” Cancer Res 61, no. 4 (February 15, 2001): 1548–54.
  • Li, C. Y., J. B. Little, K. Hu, W. Zhang, L. Zhang, M. W. Dewhirst, and Q. Huang. “Persistent genetic instability in cancer cells induced by non-DNA-damaging stress exposures.” Cancer Res 61, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 428–32.
  • Maguire, P. D., T. V. Samulski, L. R. Prosnitz, E. L. Jones, G. L. Rosner, B. Powers, L. W. Layfield, et al. “A phase II trial testing the thermal dose parameter CEM43 degrees T90 as a predictor of response in soft tissue sarcomas treated with pre-operative thermoradiotherapy.” Int J Hyperthermia 17, no. 4 (2001): 283–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656730110039449.
  • Neeman, M., J. M. Provenzale, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Magnetic resonance imaging applications in the evaluation of tumor angiogenesis.” Semin Radiat Oncol 11, no. 1 (January 2001): 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1053/srao.2001.18105.
  • Dewhirst, M. W., H. Kimura, S. W. Rehmus, R. D. Braun, D. Papahadjopoulos, K. Hong, and T. W. Secomb. “Microvascular studies on the origins of perfusion-limited hypoxia.” Br J Cancer Suppl 27 (July 1996): S247–51.
  • Brizel, D. M., S. P. Scully, J. M. Harrelson, L. J. Layfield, J. M. Bean, L. R. Prosnitz, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Tumor oxygenation predicts for the likelihood of distant metastases in human soft tissue sarcoma.” Cancer Res 56, no. 5 (March 1, 1996): 941–43.
  • Kimura, H., N. Z. Wu, R. Dodge, D. P. Spencer, B. M. Klitzman, T. M. McIntyre, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Inhibition of radiation-induced up-regulation of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells with the platelet-activating factor inhibitor, BN52021.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33, no. 3 (October 15, 1995): 627–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(95)00205-D.
  • Sostman, H. D., D. M. Prescott, M. W. Dewhirst, R. K. Dodge, D. E. Thrall, R. L. Page, J. A. Tucker, J. M. Harrelson, G. Reece, and K. A. Leopold. “MR imaging and spectroscopy for prognostic evaluation in soft-tissue sarcomas.” Radiology 190, no. 1 (January 1994): 269–75. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.190.1.8259418.